Op amps. Often the first thing that many learn about when beginning the journey into analog electronics, they’re used in countless ways in an overwhelmingly large array of circuits. When we ...

implementing as it does a complete simple op-amp with five transistors. Looking at the circuit diagram it follows the classic op-amp with a long-tailed pair of NPN transistors driving a PNP gain ...

However, you may also experience oscillation, so removing them is not recommended. Q1 and Q2 act as voltage stabilizers for the op amp. BC 639/640 transistors are shown, but you could just as well use ...

We describe a new method for determining component values and transistor dimensions for CMOS operational amplifiers (op-amps), We observe that a wide variety of design objectives and constraints have ...