and can significantly reduce the burden of HPV-related genital warts and cancers among men, in addition to promoting herd immunity. Nevertheless, HPV4 coverage among boys remains low in most settings.

The vaccine is being studied in males, too. Men can get HPV infections and can pass the virus to their sex partners. HPV causes genital warts and is associated with rare cases of cancer of the penis.

First, it requires that individual MSM, including preadolescents or their parents, are aware of their increased risk for HPV infection and anal cancer. Second, it relies on young gay men being ...