Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the preferred method of treatment for small renal calculi, but is known to induce transient, usually symptomless, free-radical-mediated damage to ...

as well as by decreased stone-free rates with a greater frequency of complications with ESWL than in younger patients, for example. Bone disease in hypercalciuria and its interplay with the bone ...

Keeping the urine free of bacteria that can cause infection is important for preventing the recurrence of struvite stones. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is the most frequently used procedure ...

Stents may also relieve acute pain from a stone, enable any infection to drain, and allow antibiotic treatment before surgery. Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a procedure that uses ultrasound energy ...

Kidney stones between 5 and 10 mm in diameter have ... Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a noninvasive ...