CKD in dogs is typically divided into four stages, often referred to as Stages I through IV. Each stage represents a ...

CKD can lead to severe complications like anemia, uremic gastroenteritis, and renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Early ...

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is defined as severe irreversible kidney damage, measured by the level of proteinuria and a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate to ˂15 ml/min/1.73 m2 ...